Total knee replacement, also known as total knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing the damaged or worn surfaces of the knee joint with artificial components. It is a common procedure performed to relieve pain, improve mobility, and enhance the quality of life for individuals with severe knee arthritis or other knee conditions that have not responded to conservative treatments.
During a total knee replacement surgery, the patient is placed under general or regional anesthesia. An incision is made over the front of the knee, and the damaged surfaces of the thigh bone (femur), shin bone (tibia), and kneecap (patella) are removed. The bone surfaces are prepared to receive the artificial components. The femoral component, made of metal, is fixed to the end of the femur, and a plastic or metal tray is secured to the top of the tibia. The undersurface of the patella may also be resurfaced with a plastic component, depending on the condition of the patient's kneecap.
The artificial components are designed to mimic the natural shape and function of the knee joint, allowing for smooth movement and weight-bearing. They are typically made of durable materials such as metal alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium) and high-density polyethylene. The choice of components may vary depending on the patient's age, activity level, and surgeon's preference.
Following the implantation of the artificial components, the surgeon ensures proper alignment, stability, and range of motion. The incision is closed with sutures or staples, and a sterile dressing is applied. Patients are then moved to the recovery area for monitoring.
After the surgery, patients typically stay in the hospital for a few days. Pain management medications and antibiotics are administered to ensure comfort and reduce the risk of infection. Physical therapy and rehabilitation begin soon after the surgery to help patients regain strength, flexibility, and mobility in the knee joint. Assistive devices such as crutches or a walker may be used initially to aid in walking and weight-bearing.
Total knee replacement surgery has a high success rate in terms of pain relief and functional improvement. It can significantly reduce knee pain, restore joint function, and improve the ability to perform daily activities and participate in physical activities. Most patients experience a substantial improvement in their quality of life following surgery.
However, like any surgical procedure, total knee replacement carries risks and potential complications. These may include infection, blood clots, bleeding, damage to nerves or blood vessels, stiffness, implant loosening or wear, and limited range of motion. The risks are minimized by proper surgical technique, antibiotic prophylaxis, and post-operative care.
Recovery and rehabilitation following total knee replacement surgery can vary among individuals, but most patients begin to notice improvements within a few weeks to months. Full recovery and return to normal activities can take several months, depending on the individual and the extent of rehabilitation.
In conclusion, total knee replacement is a surgical procedure performed to replace the damaged surfaces of the knee joint with artificial components. It is an effective treatment option for individuals with severe knee arthritis or other knee conditions that have not responded to conservative treatments. The surgery aims to relieve pain, improve mobility, and enhance the quality of life. While it carries potential risks and complications, total knee replacement has a high success rate and can significantly improve the function and comfort of the knee joint. Patients considering this procedure should have a thorough discussion with their orthopedic surgeon to understand the potential benefits, risks, and expected outcomes.